By Roland LITTLEWOOD and Maurice LIPSEDGE.
In : Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 11, 1987 : 289 – 335.
ABSTRACT :
Cultural explanations of psychopathology in the West have rarely employed models derived by anthropologists for small-scale non-literate communities. Some general fcatures of those ritual patterns usually classed as ‘culture-bound syndromes’ are applicable to Western neurosis. Such reactions articulate both personal predicament and public concerris, usually core structural oppositions between age groups or the sexes. They gain their power by relying on certain unquestionable assurriptions which, although beyond everyday jural relationships, articulate such relatioriships. In the case of Western reactions, such « mystical sanction » is provided by biomedicine. Theoretical paradignis emphasize cither the individual pragmatic or expressive aspects, or social homeostasis.
REFERENCES
AI-Issa, 1., 1980 The Psychopathology of Women. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Andrews, J. D. W., 1966 Psychotherapyof Pliobias. Psychol. Bull. 66 : 455-480.
Apter, M. J., 1982 The Experience of Motivation : The Theory of Psychological Reversals. London : Academic Press.
Ardener, S., 1981 The Nature of Women in Society. In S. Ardener, (cd.), Defming Females.London : Croom Helm.
Ardener, S. cd., 1981 Woriien and Space : ground rules and social maps. London : Croom Helm.
Armstrong, D., 1983 Political Anatomy of the Body : Medicul Knowledge in Britain in the Twendeth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Bancroft, J. Hawton, K., Kingston, B., Cumming, C., and Whitwell, D., 1979 The reasons people give for taking overdoses : A further enquiry. Br. J. Med, Psychol. 52 : 353-365.
Barrett, M. and Roberts, H., 1978 Doctors and their patients : The social control of women in General Practice. In C. Sniart and B. Sniart, (ed.), Women, Sexuality and Social Control. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bateson, G. 1958 Naven. 2nd Edition, Statiford : Stanford University Press. 1972 Steps to ait Ecology of Mind. New York : Ballantine.
Beattie, J., 1977 Spirit mediumship as theatre. Roy. Anthrop. Institute. News No. 20, 1-6.
Bell, C. and Newby, H., 1976 Husbands and wives : the dynarnics of the differential dialect. In D. L. Barker and S. Allen, (eds.), Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage. London : Longman.
Berger, J., 1971 Ways of Seeing. Harniondsworth : Penguin.
Boskind-Lodahl, M., 1976 Cinderella’s Stepsisters : Feminist Perspective on Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia signs (J. of Women, Culture and Society), 2 : 342-350.
Bradford, J. and Balinaceda, K., 1983 Shoplifting ; is tlicre a specilic psychiatrie syndrome ? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 248-253. Brifish Medical Journal Editorial, 1 1971 Suicide Atteiiipts, 11 : 483.
Broverman, 1. D., Brovernian, D. M., Clarkson, F. F., and Vogel, S R., 1970 Sex Role Stercotypes and Clinical Judgénients of Mental 1 lcaIth. J , Consult. and Clin. Psychol. 34 : 1-7.
Brown, G. and Harris, T., 1978 The Social Origins of Depression. London : Tavistock.
Buglass, D. D., Clarke, J., Henderson, A. S., Kreitinan, N., and Pricbtly, A. S., 1977 A study o agoraphobic housewives. Psychol. Med.7:73-86.
Canning, H. and Myer, J., 1966 Obesity its possible effect on college acceptance. New. ling. J. Med -1174. 257 : 1172
Carr, J. E. and Tann, E. K., 1976 In Search of the true Amok ; Amok as viewed within Malay culture. Culture, . Med. Psychiat. 2 : 269-293.
Chesler, P., 1974 Women and Madness. London : Allen Lane.
Chodoff, P. and Lyons, H., 1955 Hysteria, the hysterical personality and hysterical conversion. Aniericaii Journal of Psychiatry 114 : 7 34-740.
CLarke, W. C., 1973 Temporary madness as theatre : Wild-man behavior in New Guinea, Occania 43 : 198-214.
Clement, D. C., 1982 Samoan folk knowledge of mental disorders. lit Marsella and White, below.
Cohen, A. P., 1985 Symbolism and social change : Matters of life and death in Whalsay, Shetland. Man 20 : 307-324.
Comaroff, J., 1978 Medicine and culture : Sortie anthropological perspectives. Social Science and Medicine 12 : 247-254.
Cooperstock, R., 1971 Sex differences in the use of mood-modifying drugs : An explanatory niodel. J. Health and Social Behavior 12 : 238-244.
Cooperstock, R. and Sims, M., 1971 Mood-modifying drugs prescribed in a Canadian City : Hidden problems. Am. J. Pub. Health 61 : 1007-1016.
Corin, E., 1978 La Possession comme langage dans un contexte de changement socio-culturel. Anthrop. Société 2 : 53-74.
Corin, E. and Bibeau, G., 1980 Psychiatric Perspectives in Africa – 2. Transcult. Psychiat. Res. Rev. 16 : 147-78.
Cranshaw, R., 1983 The object of the Centrefold. Block, No. 9, 26-33 Middlesex.
Crapanzano, V., 1973 The Hadmadsha : A study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. Berkeley : University of CaIifornia Press.
Daily Express 1984 Wives hooked on illness arc giving G. P.’s a headache. 27(li March, London.
Daily’ telegraph 1984 Waitresses toid :’Slini or lose jobs’. 131li August, London.
Deighton, C. N. and Nicol, A. R., 1985 Abnornial women’s behavior in young wonmen in the primary care setting : Is Briquet’s Syndrome a useful category ? Psychological Medicine, 15 : 15-520.
Devereux, G., 1970 Essais d’Ethnopsychiatrie Générale. Paris : Gallimard.
Eiseriberg, L., 1977 Discase and illness ; distinctions between professional and popular ideas of sickness. Cuit., Med. and Psychiat. 1 : 9-23.
Elder, G. 11., 1969 Appearance and education in inarriage mobility. Am. Sociol. Rev. 34 : 516-533.
Eliade, M., 1970 The Discovery of the Unconscious : l’lie ilistory and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. London : Allen Lane.
Epstein, A. L., 1984 Shame in Melanesia. Roy. Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper 40.
Flint, M., 1975 The menopause : Reward or punishment ? Psychosomatics 16 : 161-163.
Fodor, 1., 1976 The phobie syndrome in women. In V. Franks and V. Burtle, (eds.), Women in Therapy. New York : Bruner/Mazel.
Foster, G. M., 1976 Disease entitites in N W 782.
Frank, J., 1961 Persuasion and Healing. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins.
Gaines, A. D., 1982 Cultural definition, behavior and the person in American psychiatry. In A. J. Marsella and G. M. White. Cultural Conceptions of M t 1 H Dordrecht : Reidel.
Geertz, C, 1968 Religion as a Cultural Systein. In M. Banton, (cd.), Anthropological Approach a Religion. London : Tavistock.
1984 Local Knowledge : Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology. New York Basic Books.
Geertz, H., 1968 Latah in Java : A theoretical paradox. hidoncsia 3 : 93-104. Gibbens, T. C. N. and Prince, J.1962
Ginsburg, G. P., 1971 Public conceptions and attitudos about suicide. J. licalth and Soc. Bchav., 12:200-201.
Gluckman, M., 1963 Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. London : Colien and West.
Goldstein, A. J. 1970 Case conference : Sorne aspects of agoraphobia, J. Behav. Ther. Exper. Pbychial. 1 : 305-313.
1973 Learning theory insufficiency in undeistand agoraphobia -A plea for empiricism. Proceed. Europ. Assoc. Beliavior Therapy and Modification Meeting 1971 Munich : Urban and Schwarzenberg.
Goldstein, A. J. and Chainbless, D. L., 1978 A reanalysis of agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy 9:47-59.
Good, B. J. and Good, M.-J. D., 1981 The meaning of symptoms – A cultural hernieneutic model for clinical practice. In Eisenberg, L. and Kleinman, A., (eds.), l’lie Relevance of Social Science for Medicine. Dordrecht : Reidel.
Good, B. J. and Good, M-J. D., 1982 Toward a meaning-centeied analysis of popular illiiess categories. In Marsella and White, op. cit.
Gove, W. R. and Tudor, J. F., 1973 Adult sex roles and mental illness. Ani. J. Social. 78 : 812-35.
Hage, P. and Harary, F., 1983 Structural Models in Anthropology. Cambridge : Cambridge Unversity Press.
Hallam, R., 1, 1984 Agoraphobia : Deconstructing a clinical syndrome. Bull. B. Psychol. Soc. 3 : 337- 340.
Harris, C,, 1957 Possession « hysteria' » in a Kenya tribe. Am. Anthrop. 59 : 1046-1066.
Harvey E. B., Gazy, L., and Samuels, B., 1 1976 Utilisation of a psychiatrie social work team in an Alaskan boarding school. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiat. 15 : 558-74.
Hawton, K., Osborne, M., and Cole, D., 1982 Adolescents who take overdoses : their characteristics, problenis and contacts with helping agencies. Br. J. Psychiat. 140 : 118-123.
Hawton, K., Marsack, P., and Fagg, J., 1981 The attitudes of psychiatrists to deliberate self poisoning : Comparison with physicians and nurses. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 54 : 341-348.
Howell, E. and Bayes, M., eds., 1981 Women and Mental Health. New-York : Basic Books.